Chapter-1: The Rise of Nationalism in Europe
1. By which of the following treaties was the United Kingdom of Great Britain formed?
(a) Treaty of Versailles (b)
Act of Union ü
(c) Treaty of Paris (d) Treaty of Vienna
2. Which
of the following group of powers collectively defeated Napoleon?
(a) England, France,
Italy, Russia (b) England,
Austria, Spain, Russia
(c) Austria, Prussia,
Russia, Britain ü (d)
Britain, Prussia, Russia, Italy
3. Which
of the following countries is considered as the ‘cradle of European
civilization’?
(a) England (b) France (c) Greece ü (d) Russia
4. ‘Nationalism’,
which emerged as a force in the late 19th century, means
(a) strong devotion for
one’s own country and its history and culture. ü
(b) strong devotion for
one’s own country without appreciation for other nations.
(c) strong love for
one’s own country and hatred for others.
(d) equality strong
devotion for all the countries of the world.
5. Match
the term with the statements given below:
A ‘Utopian Society’ is
(i)
a society under a benevolent monarchy
(ii) a society that is
unlikely to ever exist
(iii) a society under
the control of a chosen few wise men
(iv) a society under
Parliamentary Democracy
(a) (i) and (ii) (b) (ii) and (iii) ü (c) (ii) only (d) (iii) only
6. Ernst
Renan believed that the existence of nations is a necessity because
(a) it ensures
protection to all inhabitants. ü
(b) it ensures liberty
to all inhabitant citizens.
(c) it ensures
Parliamentary form of government to its inhabitants.
(d) it ensures jobs and
good health to all its inhabitants.
7. Which
of the following countries did not attend the Congress of Vienna?
(a) Britain (b) Russia (c) Prussia (d) Switzerland ü
8. The
liberal nationalism stands for:
(a) freedom for the
individual and equality before law. ü
(b) preservation of
autocracy and clerical privileges.
(c) freedom for only
male members of society and equality before law.
(d) freedom only for
senior citizens
9. The
term ‘Universal Suffrage’ means:
(a) the right to vote
and get elected, granted only to men.
(b) the right to vote
for all adults. ü
(c) the right to vote
and get elected, granted exclusively to property owning men.
(d) the right to vote
and get elected, granted only to educated men and women.
10. Who
said ‘When France sneezes, the rest of Europe catches cold’?
(a) Garibaldi (b) Bismarck (c) Mazzini (d) Duke Metternichü
11. Who
played the leading role in the unification of Germany?
(a) German Emperor
(formerly King of Prussia) — Kaiser William I.
(b) Otto Von Bismarck
(Prussian Chief Minister). ü
(c) Johann Gottfried
Herder — German philosopher.
(d) Austrian Chancellor
— Duke Metternich.
12. Who
was proclaimed the emperor of Germany in 1871?
(a) Otto Von Bismarck (b) Victor Emmanuel
II
(c) Count Cavour (d) Kaiser
William I of Prussia ü
13. Who was responsible for the unification of Germany?
(a) Count Cavour (b) Bismarck ü (c) Garibaldi (d) Giuseppe Mazzini
14. Who
was proclaimed the King of United Italy, in 1861?
A. Giuseppe Garibaldi B.
Victor Emmanuel II ü
C. Giuseppe Mazzini D.
Cavour.
15. Which
of the following was not a part of Napoleon’s defeat?
A. Britain B. Austria C. Italy ü D. Russia.
16. Treaty
of Constantinople recognised ............ as an independent nation.
A. Austria B.
Italy C. Silesia D. Greece. ü
17. How
did Napoleon bring revolutionary changes in the fields of administration?
A. Abolished all privileges based on birthü
B. Secured the right to property for all French revolutionaries
C. Increased the age of people who could be absorbed into serfdom
D. Made all men and women with property equal in the eyes of the law.
18. “When
France sneezes, the rest of Europe catches cold”. Who said this?
A. Cavour B.
Garibaldi C. Metternich ü D. Mazzini.
19. Arrange
the following in the correct sequence:
(i) Treaty of Constantinople (ii) First upheaval took place in France
(iii) Lord Byron died (iv) Greek struggle for
independence begins.
A. (i)-(ii)- (iii)- (iv) B.
(ii)-(iv)-(i)-(iii) C.
(iv)-(iii)-(ii)-(i) ü D. (iii)-(iv)-(ii)-(i)
20. In
which year, The Act of Union was passed?
A. 1861 B. 1907 C. 1707 ü D. 1871
21. Who
was the chief minister of Sardinia- Piedmont?
A. Mazzini B.
Cavour ü C. William I D. None of these.
22. Which
type of governments was mainly driven in Europe after the defeat of Napoleon?
A. Conservative ü B. Liberal C. Federal D. Feudal
23. Who
introduced the Civil Code of 1804?
A. Mazzini B.
Napoleon ü
C. Cavour D.
Garibaldi
24. What
does this Roman word ‘liber ‘stands for?
A. Unit of Cloth B.
Citizen C. Fatherland D. Freeü
25. Which
new name was given to ‘The Estates General’?
A. Directory B.
Jacobins C. National
Assemblyü D. Zollverein
26. About
whom did Metternich said ‘The most dangerous enemy of social order’?
A. Mazzini ü B. Cavour C. William II D. None of these.
27. To
which country did the artist Frederic Sorrieu belong?
A. Germany B. Spain C. Italy D. Franceü
28. Who
were called ‘Junkers’ in Prussia?
A. Large landownersü B. Poor peasants C. Middle men D. None of these
29. Austrian Chancellor hosted the Congress of Vienna. TRUE Name-Duke metternich
30. A
large part of the Balkans was under the control of the Empire. – Ottoman
Empire
31. Giuseppe
Mazzini formed a secret society called Young Italy for the dissemination
of his goals. True
32. To
which country did the artist Frederic Sorrieu belong? - France
Do Practice and solve below Q 33 and 34 by using your text book.
33. Match
the columns
|
Column A |
Column
B |
|
(a) French Revolution |
(i) brought the conservative regimes back
to power |
|
(b) Liberalism |
(ii) ensured right to property for the
privileged class |
|
(c) Napoleonic Code |
(iii) recognized Greece as an independent
nation |
|
(d) The Treaty of Vienna |
(iv) transfer of sovereignty from monarch
to the French citizens |
|
(e) Treaty of Constantinople |
(v) individual freedom and equality
before law |
35. Match the columns
|
Column A |
Column
B |
|
(I) Giuseppe Mazzini |
A Unification of Germany |
|
(II) Otto Von Bismarck |
B Unification of Italy |
|
(III) Napoleon Bonaparte |
C Battle of Waterloo |
|
(IV) Cavour |
D Young Italy |
A. I-B, II-C, III-D, IV-A B.
I-D, II-C, III-B, IV-A
C. I-D, II-A, III-C, IV-B D.
I-A, II-D, III-B, IV-C
36. What
did the new social group comprise of that came into being in the 19th century
comprised of?
Ans. The new social group that came into being
in the 19th century comprised of working class and middle class made up of
industrialists, businessmen and professionals.
37. Which
dynasty was deposed during the French Revolution and later restored to power by
conservatives?
Ans. The Bourbon dynasty was deposed
during the French Revolution and later restored to power by conservatives.
38. What
views did Giuseppe Mazzini have about Italy?
Ans. Mizzini believed that God had intended
nations to be the natural units of mankind. So Italy could not continue to
be a patchwork of small states and kingdoms. It had to be forged into a single
unified republic within a wider alliance of nations.
39. How
was Mazzini described by Metternich?
Ans. Mazzini was described as “the most dangerous
enemy of our social order” by Metternich. Mazzini was an Italian
revolutionary.
40. How
did Lord Byron contribute to the Greek war of Independence?
Ans. Lord Byron fought on behalf of the Greeks
against the Ottoman empire in the Greek war of independence. He provided
financial assistance so the Greek rebels and wrote in favour of Greek independence. He even used his own money
to form a battalion of Greek rebel soldiers called the Byron Brigade.
41. Who
holds the credit of unifying Germany?
Ans. Otto von Bismarck holds the credit for
unifying Germany.
42. Who
was proclaimed the German Emperor in a ceremony held at Versailles in January
1871?
Ans. Kaiser William-I was proclaimed
German Emperor in a ceremony held at Versailles in January 1871.
43. Who
headed Sardinia-Piedmont?
Ans. Sardinia-Piedmont was headed by Victor
Emmanuel Second.
44. Who
led the movement to unify the regions of Italy?
Ans. Count Camillo de Cavour led the
movement to unify the regions of Italy and was the Chief Minister of Sardinia
Piedmant state.
45. Name
the ethnic groups who inhabited the British Isles.
Ans. The ethnic groups who inhabited the British
Isles were English, Welsh, Scot or Irish.
46. What
was the result of the Act of Union (1707)?
Ans. The Acts of Union, passed by the English
and Scottish Parliaments in 1707, led to the creation of a united kingdom to
be called “Great Britain” on 1 may of that year.
47.
Who were the slaves?
Ans. Slaves were women and men who were often
captured in war. They were treated as the property of their owners, who
could make them do whatever work they wanted.
Short Answer Type Questions (SAQ) [3 Marks]
48. Briefly
explain Greek war of Independence?
Ans. This was a successful war of independence
waged by Greek revolutionaries between 1821 and 1829 against the Ottoman
Empire. The Greeks were supported by the West European countries like the
French Kingdom, Great Britain and Russian Empire, while poets and artists
hailed Greece as the cardle of European civilization. This organization carried
out Finally, the Treaty of Constantinople of 1832 recognized Greece as an
independent nation.
49. 1830’s
is called the year of Economic hardship. Explain?
Or
Why the 1830s were the year of great economic hardship in Europe?
Ans. 1830’s were the years of great economic
hardship in Europe due to the following reasons : (i) There was enormous
increase in population all over Europe. (ii) There were more seekers of
jobs than employment. (iii) People migrated from rural areas to the
cities to live in overcrowded slums.
50. What
were the measures taken by French revolutionaries forge a sense of collective
identity?
Or
Analyse the measures and practices
introduced by the French revolutionaries to create a sense of collective
identity amongst the French people?
Ans. Following measures were taken by French
revolutionaries forge a sense of collective identity –
(i)
The idea of la Patrie (the fatherland) and
le citoyen (the citizens) were introduced, which united people by giving them
equal rights under a constitution.
(ii)
The French tricolour was chosen as the new
flag instead of the former royal standard.
(iii)
Citizens were allowed to elect members to
the Estates-General, which was renamed as the National Assembly.
(iv)
A central administrative system was put in
place and it formulated uniform laws for all citizens within its territory.
(v)
French became the common language as it was
written and spoken in the capital city of Paris, and regional languages were
discouraged.
(vi)
A uniform system of weights and measures
was introduced and it was followed by the abolition of customs duties and dues.
51. Explain
the consequences of the Vienna congress?
Ans. The
consequences of the Vienna congress were following-
(i)
The objective of the Treaty of Vienna was
to undo most of the changes that had come about in Europe during the Napoleonic
wars.
(ii)
The Bourbon Dynasty was restored to power
in France.
(iii)
France also lost all of the territories it
had gained under Napolean.
(iv)
A number of states were set up sharing
boundaries with France in order to check future Franch expansion.
(v)
The Netherlands was added to the North and
Piedmont saw the addition of Genoa in the south.
(vi)
Prussia gained new territories on its
western frontier and also a part of Saxony, Austria gained control over
northern Italy, while Russia acquired a part of Poland.
52. How
was the history of Nationalism in Britain unlike the rest of Europe?
Ans. History
of Nationalism in Britain unlike the rest of Europe because :
(i)
In Britain the formation of the nation
state was not the result of a sudden revolution.
(ii)
The primary identities of the people who
inhabited the British Isles were ethnic ones – such as English, Welsh, Scot or
Irish.
(iii)
The Act of Union (1707) between England and
Scotland resulted in the formation of the “United Kingdom of Great Britain”
meant that England was able to impose its influence on Scotland, Scotland’s
distinctive culture and political institutions were systematically suppressed.
(iv)
The Scottish highlanders were forbidden to
speak their Gaelic language or wear their national dress and large numbers were
forcibly driven out of their homeland.
(v)
The English helped the Protestants of Ireland
to establish their dominance over a largely Catholic country, Catholic revolts
against British dominance were suppressed. Ireland was forcibly incorporated
into the United Kingdom in 1801.
(vi)
The symbols of the new Britain – the
British flag, the national anthem, the English language were actively promoted
and the older nations survived only as subordinate partners in this union.
53. What
is the other name for Napoleonic code? Write any four changes brought by this?
Ans. “Civil
Code” is the other name for Napoleonic code which was established under the
French Consulate in 1804. Four changes brought by this is as fallow-
(i)
It did away with all the privileges based
on birth.
(ii)
Administration became more efficient.
(iii)
Secured the right to property.
(iv)
Simplified administrative divisions.
(v)
Abolished feudal system.
(vi)
Freed peasants from serfdom and dues.
(vii)
In the towns too guild restrictions were
removed.
(viii)
Transport and communication improved.
(ix)
Peasants, artisans, workers and new
businessmen enjoyed new-found freedom uniform laws, standardized weights and
the measures facilitated the movement of goods and capital from one region to
another.
54. What
were the ideals of liberal Nationalism?
Ans. liberal Nationalism is believed that everyone
should be treated equally in front of the law. They wanted to see an end to
all the privileges accorded to the aristocracy and the clergy. Another aspect
was economic liberty. This included a free market economy and abolition of
state restriction on goods and capital.
55. Briefly
explain the unification of Italy, highlight the value you learn from this?
Ans. 1861,
Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed king of united Italy.
Before Unification of Italy
- Italy faced political fragmentation over
its long history.
- There was the multinational Habsburg Empire
and several dynastic states scattered all over.
- Italy was divided into seven states over
the middle of the 19th century.
- Out of seven states only one state was
ruled by Italian princely house i.e. Sardinia-Piedmont.
- Centre was ruled by the Pope, Austrian
Hasburgs controlled the North, and the Bourbon kings of Spain dominated the
Southern regions.
- Italian language also had many local and
regional variations.
Unification of Italy
- Giuseppe Mazzini wanted to put a programme to unify Italy in the 1830’s. To spread his goals a secret society called Young Italy was formed.
- The responsibility of unifying Italy through war fell on the ruler King Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia-Piedmont, after the failure of revolutionary uprising in 1831 and 1848.
- The ruling elite thought that they would
get political dominance and economic development after unification of Italy.
- The Austrian forces were defeated in 1859
by Sardinia-Piedmont, after a diplomatic alliance was made with the French, by
Chief Minister Cavour.
- In order to drive out the Spanish rulers
from the Southern regions of Italy, in 1860, a large number of armed volunteers
under Garibaldi marched into the Kingdom of two Sicilies and South Italy. They
won the support of Peasants.
·
Hence in 1861, Italy had a new king, Victor
Emmanuel II.
56. How
had the female figures become an allegory of the nation during the 19th century
in Europe?
Or
What is the meaning of allegory of
the nation?
Ans. The female figures as an allegory of the nation:
Artists found a way out to represent a country in the form of a person. Then
nations were portrayed as female figures. The female figure was chosen to
personify the nation did not stand for any particular woman in real life. It
gave the abstract idea of the nation a concrete form. Thus the female figure
became an allegory of the nation. During the French Revolution artists used the
formal allegory to portray idea such as Liberty Justice and the Republic.
57. ‘The
decade of 1830 had brought great economic hardships in Europe’. Support the
statement with arguments?
Ans. From the 1830s, there was a rise in the
population all over Europe accompanied by unemployment and poverty. Prices of
food items were hiked and the harvest yields were also poor during this decade.
It made the poor poorer and the economic condition deteriorated than ever in
the history of Europe.
58. Culture
had played an important role in the development of nationalism in Europe during
the 18thand 19th centuries. Support the statement
with examples?
Ans. Culture played an essential role in forming
the idea of a nation and the notion of a culture – a state that began to gain
acceptance in the 19th century. Three examples showing the contribution of
culture to the development of nationalism in Europe are:
·
Language played an important role in
developing national sentiments. The use of Polish came to be seen as a symbol
of the struggle against Russian domination.
·
Romanticism was a cultural movement that
sought to develop a particular form of nationalist sentiment. It emphasised
emotions, intuition, and mystical sentiments that shaped and expressed
nationalist sentiments.
·
Folk songs, poetry, and dances played a
massive role in popularizing the spirit of nationalism in Europe. Poets and
artists mobilised public opinion to support its struggle.
59. “Nationalism
spreads when people begin to believe that they are all part of the same
nation.”Support the statement?
Ans. The
spreading of nationalism took place due to the following factors:
(i)
United Struggle: Different religious groups
and communities unitedly struggled against the British rule.
(ii)
Unity spread through various cultural
processes like history, folklore, songs and symbols that helped in spread of
nationalism.
(iii)
Common Identity: The painting of 'Bharat
Mata' was commonly identified as motherland and affected the people equally.
(iv)
Revival of India Folklore: Reviving the
folklore through folk songs, legends helped in promoting traditional culture
and restore a sense of pride in the past history and culture.
(v)
Role of the Leaders Leaders like Mahatma
Gandhi, Jawaharlal Nehru aroused the feelings of nationalism through their
motivational speeches and political activities. Thus, it can be concluded that
nationalism spread, when people began to believe that they were all part of the
same nation.
60. What
were Jacobin Clubs? How did their activities and campaigns help to spread the
idea of nationalism abroad? Explain?
Ans. Jacobin Club, was the most famous and
influential political club in the development of the French Revolution. There
were at least 7,000 chapters throughout France, with a membership estimated at
a half million or more. It was a political club came into existence in 1789. It
was derived its name from the convent of St. Jacob in Paris. Its members were
mostly small shopkeepers, artisans like shoemakers, watch-makers, printers,
servants and daily wage workers. Maxmillian Robespierre was their leader. They
used to wear lon-striped trousers and red-caps symbolising liberty. The group planned
an insurrection in 1792 due to high food price and short supplies. They also
stormed the king's palace and held the king hostage for several years.
Elections were later held with voting right to all men above the age of 21. The
elected assembly abolished monoarchy and declared France as republic. However,
in the period between 1793 and 1794, the jacobins led by the Robespierre
unleashed a reign of terror by persecuting anyone who perceived to be enemy of
the republic.
61. Write a note on Frankfurt parliament
and zollverein economic union?
Ans. On 18 May 1848, in a festive procession,
831 elected representatives marched on to take their places in the Frankfurt
Parliament. At the Frankfurt Parliament, a Constitution was drafted for a
German nation.
· In the city of Frankfurt (Germany), a large number of political associations, whose members were prosperous artisans, businessmen, middle-class professionals, came together and decided to vote for a National Assembly which was all German.
· Frankfurt parliament convened in the Church of St Paul.
· Subject to a parliament, the German nation would be headed by Monarchy, as per the Constitution.
· When Friedrich Wilhelm IV, King of Prussia, received the crown from the Deputies on these terms, Friedrich Wilhelm IV rejected it.
· Other monarchs were joined by Friedrich Wilhelm IV to reject the elected assembly.
· The social basis of parliament eroded, while the opposition of the military and aristocracy became stronger.
· The middle classes dominated the Parliament.
· Parliament lost the support of artisans and workers, as their demands were resisted by this middle class dominated Parliament.
· Ultimately the assembly was forced to disband as the troops were called in.
Frankfurt Parliament – Position of Women
· Views of some of the elected members of the Frankfurt Parliament, were controversial when it came to equality for women.As per liberal politician Carl Welcker, an elected member of Frankfurt Parliament said, men were freer, stronger and bolder than women.He said women were weaker, timid and were dependent on men. As per Carl Welcker equality of men and women would endanger and destroy dignity and harmony of the family.
· During the election of the Assembly, women were denied suffrage rights.
· Women were admitted only as observers to stand in the visitors’ gallery, when the Frankfurt parliament convened in the Church of St Paul.
Zollverein
Zollverein refers to the German customs union, which was founded under
the Prussian leadership in the year 1834. This Zollverein 1834 movement was
seen as an important step in the reunification of Germany as a free-trade area
was created throughout Germany via this movement. The union successfully
decreased the number of currencies from over thirty to two and eliminated the
tariff barriers.
When and Why was the Zollverein Formed?
· When we talk about why Zollverein formed, it was basically to eradicate tariff barriers. Zollverein was a union formed in the 19th century in 1834 at the initiative of Prussia and was joined by a majority of the German states. The primary custom union pacts were surmised in 1828, which accordingly led to the establishment of Zollverein on the 1st of January 1834 as a customs union of several states.
· The union was established to abolish tariff barriers and decrease the number of currencies from over thirty to two. The economic interests were constrained to national unification, and the mobility was further facilitated by the invention of a network of railways. Moreover, the extensive nationalist beliefs growing at the time were intensified by a surge of economic nationalism. The creation of an undisputed economic territory where the unhindered and open movement of goods, capital, and people was allowed, and possible was needed since diversified currencies and weights and measures were obstructions in the path of economic development.
What were the Advantages of Zollverein?
· Since now we know what Zollverein is and why Zollverein formed, now let's understand the several benefits that came into being after the establishment of Zollverein in 1834. Some of the benefits or advantages are:
· Zollverein had a great impact on the political as well as financial levels.
· Zollverein set the rhythm for the unification of Germany. Formed in 1834 at the initiative of Prussia, the union was joined by the majority of the states of Germany.
· It invalidated the tariff barriers and reduced the number of currencies to two from over thirty.
· It was extremely significant in consolidating Prussia and formulating jingoism among the states of Germany. The aim to unite and bind the Germans into an economically strengthened nation was fulfilled.
· Moreover, Zollverein also helped in the trade as well as in instilling nationalism. With the establishment of Zollverein, the trade increased, and the ideas were spread, and the diverse states understood that they were in benefit when there was closer contact with one another. Furthermore, the transportation was also improved. Overall, it can be said that Zollverein was an absolute example of economic nationalism.
Long Answer Type Questions (LAQ) [5 Marks]
62. Describe the process of unification of Germany?
Or
Explain the different stages of unification
of Germany?
Ans. ● Around the 1800s, feelings of being nationalist were there in the
middleclass German.
● To create a nation-state from various German states, they united in 1848.
● Military and monarchy, together repress them to get support from
Prussia.
● The leader of the German unification movement was Prussia.
● The Prussian bureaucracy and army supported the chief minister Otto von
Bismarck.
● When Prussia won war against Austria, France and Denmark, then the
process of unification was completed.
● Prussian king, William I, in January 1871 was named German Emperor in a
ceremony held at Versailles.
63. How had revolutionaries spread their ideas in many European states after
1815?
Explain with examples?
Ans. After
1815 due to the fear of repression, many revolutionaries or
liberal-nationalists went underground to avoid arrest
· They established many secret societies to train revolutionaries and spread their ideas.
· They opposed monarchical forms of governments that were established after the Vienna Congress.
· They fought for liberty and freedom and thought the creation of nation-state as a necessary part of their struggle for freedom.
· Giuseppe Mazzini founded secret societies like Young Italy and Young Europe for the unification of fragmented Italy.
· Following Mazzini’s model, secret societies were set up in Germany, France, Switzerland and Poland.
· Liberalism and nationalism brought revolution in many regions of Europe like the provinces of Ottoman Empire, Ireland, Poland besides Italy and Germany.
64. Explain causes of conflict in the ‘Balkan area’ after 1871?
Ans. The
causes of conflict in Balkan:
1. Ideas of romantic nationalism and the disintegration of the Ottoman
Empire contributed to the feelings of resistance.
2. The Empire had failed to modernize and implement the internal reforms so
one by one the European subjects broke apart and declared independence.
3. They emphasized their nationality and looked back to history to claim
their long-lost independence.
65. Explain changes brought about in Europe by the Treaty of Vienna (1815)?
Ans. changes
brought in Europe by the Treaty of Vienna were fallowing-
·
The objective of the Treaty of Vienna was
to undo most of the changes that had come about in Europe during the Napoleonic
wars.
·
The Bourbon Dynasty was restored to power
in France.
·
France also lost all of the territories it
had gained under Napoleon.
·
A number of states were set up sharing
boundaries with France in order to check future French expansion.
·
The Netherlands was added to the North and
Piedmont saw the addition of Genoa in the South.
·
Prussia gained new territories on its
western frontier and also a part of Saxony. Austria gained control over
northern Italy, while Russia acquired a part of Poland.
Picture Based Very Short Answers Type
Questions (VSAQ)
Study the picture and answer the question
that follows: 1 mark
66. Which of the following aspect best
signifies this image of 'Germania'?
A. Heroism and Justice B.
Folk and Cultural Tradition
C. Austerity and Asceticism D. Revenge
and Vengeance
67. Write a
Note on:
a) Giuseppe
Mazzini:
·
He was an
Italian revolutionary, born the year 1807 in Genoa.
·
A member
of the secret society of Carbonari.
·
He was
sent to exile in 1831 because he attempted a revolution in Liguria.
·
‘Young
Italy’ in Marseilles and
‘Young Europe’ in Berne were the names of the societies he founded.
·
The
members were from Poland, Italy, France and the German states, who were quite young and
likeminded.
b) Count
Camilo de Cavour:
·
He was a
chief minister in Sardinia-Piedmont
state.
·
He led the
movement to make unity in Italy as far as religion is concerned.
·
He spoke
French quite better compared to Italian.
·
He
developed a diplomatic alliance with France.
·
It helped
Sardinia-Piedmont defeat Austria in 1859, which made the northern part of Italy free.
c) The Greek
War of Independence:
·
A
successful independence war was waged between 1821 to 1829 by Greek revolutionaries against the
Ottoman Empire.
·
Support was given by West European
countries by Greeks.
·
Many
artists and poets hailed Greece.
·
Greece was
recognized as an independent nation by the Treaty of Constantinople of 1832.
d)The
Frankfurt Parliament:
·
All-German
National Assembly which was formed by the middle-class professionals, businessmen and
artisans belonging to different regions.
·
Convened
on 18 May in St. Paul church, in Frankfurt city.
·
This
assembly helped the German nation to be a monarchy headed country subjected to a
parliament.
·
It faced
opposition from the military and aristocracy.
·
It was
disbanded on 31 May, 1849.
e) The role
of women in nationalist struggles:
·
Giving
political rights to women was controversial with liberal movement.
·
Women
formed their political association, under which they founded a newspaper.
·
Women were
denied suffrage during Assembly election days.
·
Women were
seen as observers, who could stand in the visitor’s gallery.
68.
What changes
did Napoleon introduce to make the administrative system more efficient in the
territories ruled by him?
Ans: Following changes were made by Napoleon to make administrative system
more efficient:
·
A civil
code was established in 1804, also called the Napoleonic code. Before law, it established equality
and the right to property.
·
The
administration was simplified, freed peasants from serfdom and abolished the feudal system.
·
The Guild
system was removed from towns. Communication and transportation were improved.
·
The new
freedom was enjoyed by peasants, businessmen and artisans and other workers
69. Explain what is meant by the 1848
revolution of the liberals. What were the political social and economic ideas
supported by the liberals?
Ans:
·
In the
revolution in 1848, liberals referred to national moments as supported by the educated middle
class and revolted by the unemployed, poor and starving workers in Europe.
·
In France,
widespread food shortage and unemployment in the year 1848 led to uprising.
·
Men and
women in other parts of Europe came together to raise their voice for the creation of a
nation-state based on principles of parliament.
·
Many ideas
supported by liberals are:
o
Politically,
the demand of constitution with unification of nationalism, with a constitution
and administration of parliament.
o
Socially,
they wanted to get rid of partialities based on class and birth rights.
o
Economically,
they wanted the right to property. Abolition of restrictions that were there on
movements of goods and capitals.
70. Choose three examples to show the
contribution of culture to the growth of nationalism in Europe.
Ans: Three examples which shows contribution of
culture to the growth of nationalism in Europe are:
·
Romanticism is a cultural movement in Europe
which aimed to develop national
unity. By creating a feeling, a shared common history and heritage. It had
emphasis on emotions, intuition and mystical feelings which shape and
expression the nationalist sentiments. European poets and artists started
promoting nationalism to support Greeks in their struggle to create national
identity.
·
Folk
songs, poetry and dances played a huge role in popularizing the spirit of nationalism in Europe.
Recording and collecting different folk cultures for building national
consciousness. Common people use to carry messages of nationalism to diverse
audiences.
·
Language
contributed a huge role in developing the feeling of nationalist in Europe. Example is during
Russian occupation Polish struggled a lot against Russian occupation. Polish
language was removed out of schools and Russian language was forced everywhere.
After defeat in 1831, members of Poland started using languages as a weapon for
national resistance. Using languages in masses, used to help spread the
messages of unity of nationalism.
71. Though a focus on any two countries,
explain how nations developed over the 19th century.
Ans: Development of German and Italian nation
states in 19th century:
·
Political fragmentation: In the mid- 19th
century, today’s Germany and Italy
were divided into separate regions and kingdoms ruled by various princely
houses.
·
Revolutionary uprising: 19th century Europe was
characterized by uprising of
the masses and revolution by middle class educated liberals. Middle class of
German regions came together and formed the German National Assembly in 1848.
In the Italian region, during the 1830’s, revolutionaries such as Giuseppe
Mazzini launched the unitary Italian Republic. Revolutionary uprising failed to
unite Italy in 1831 and 1848.
·
Unification with the help of the army: Failure of
revolution led to the unification
of German and Italian by army and aristocracy. The German was proclaimed in
1871. Germany was unified by Otto von Bismark with the support of the Prussian
bureaucracy and army.
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